Barium Poisoning with Analytical Aspects and its Management

Authors

  • Supriya Krishna Chemistry Division, Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science, Rohini, Delhi, India.
  • AK Jaiswal Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-7624
  • Sujata . Department of Toxicology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
  • M Gupta Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
  • DK Sharma Quality Council of India (Board NABL), Gurugram, Haryana, India.
  • Zahid Ali Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Abstract

Barium is a non-essential nutrient to terrestrial organisms and reported to be toxic at elevated concentrations. Barium is a heavy divalent alkaline earth metal. It is denoted by the symbol Ba and has an atomic number 56. Barium occurs in nature as baryte ore (Barium Sulphate, BaSO4 ) and witherite ore (Barium Carbonate, BaCO3). Barium is used in various industrial processes. The common-mode is accidental ingestion and the common compound is barium carbonate. Barium carbonate is a highly toxic substance used in the past as Rodenticides. The insoluble form of barium, such as Barium Sulphate, commonly used in radiographic procedures is harmless whereas soluble salts of barium such as barium carbonate are highly toxic. Weakness, paralysis, and hypokalemia being the characteristics signs of the barium poisoning. The clinical features of barium poisoning along with the appropriate diagnosis has been discussed in this paper. The analytical techniques such as Voltammetry, AAS, ICP-OES, NAA, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry can be routinely used to analyze biological and non-biological samples from poisoning as well as overdose cases. This paper can assist officials, toxicologist, physicians and researchers, understand barium poisoning and its management in a much simpler way. 

How to cite this article: Krishna S, Jaiswal AK, Sujata et al. Barium Poisoning with Analytical Aspects and its Management. Int J Adv Res Med Chem 2020; 2(1): 20-27.

References

Krebs RE. The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. 2nd ed. United States of America: Greenwood Press; 2006.

International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva: WHO Working Group; 1990. (Environmental Health Criteria Barium). Report No.: 107.

Abundance in Earth’s Crust of the elements [Internet]. Available from: https://periodictable.com/Properties/A/CrustAbundance.an.html

Kresse R, Baudis U, Jäger P, Riechers HH, Wagner H, Winkler J, et al. Barium and Barium Compounds. In: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, editor. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007.

Biography of Davy, Sir Humphry, Baronet [Internet]. Wordpress.com. 2012. Available from: https://nitum.wordpress.com/2012/09/28/biography-of-davy-sir-humphry-baronet/

Ippolito JA, Barbarick KA. Biosolids Affect Soil Barium in a Dryland Wheat Agroecosystem. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2006;35:2333–41.

Lasley KK, Evanylo GK, Kostyanovsky KI, Shang C, Eick M, Lee Daniels W. Chemistry and Transport of Metals from Entrenched Biosolids at a Reclaimed Mineral Sands Mining Site. J Environ Qual. 2010;39(4):1467–77.

Choudhury H, Cary R. Barium and barium compounds. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. 52 p. (Concise international chemical assessment document).

Lamb DT, Matanitobua VP, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Bioavailability of Barium to Plants and Invertebrates in Soils Contaminated by Barite. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(9):4670–6.

Polson CJ, Tattersall RN. Clinical Toxicology. 2nd ed. Pitman, London; 1969.

Miller RW, Honarvar S, Hunsaker B. Effects of Drilling Fluids on Soils and Plants: I. Individual Fluid Components. J environ qual. 1980;9(4):547–52.

Johnson W, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, et al. Safety Assessment of Barium Sulfate as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2018 Nov;37(3_suppl):5S-11S.

PA E. Barium in Drinking water. World Health Organization; 2004.

E. Dallas, Phillip L. Williams C. Barium: Rationale for a new oral reference dose. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2001;4(4):395–429.

Yan H, Xiang P, Zhang S, Shen B, Shen M. Diagnosis of aluminum phosphide poisoning using a new analytical approach: forensic application to a lethal intoxication. Int J Legal Med. 2017;131(4):1001–7.

Kravchenko J, Darrah TH, Miller RK, Lyerly HK, Vengosh A. A review of the health impacts of barium from natural and anthropogenic exposure. Environ Geochem Health. 2014;36(4):797–814.

Tao H, Man Y, Shi X, Zhu J, Pan H, Qin Q, et al. Inconceivable Hypokalemia: A Case Report of Acute Severe Barium Chloride Poisoning. Case Reports in Medicine. 2016;2016:1–4.

Ananda S, Shaohua Z, Liang L. Fatal Barium Chloride Poisoning: Four Cases Report and Literature Review. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 2013;34(2):115–8.

Deepthiraju B, Varma P. Barium toxicity — a rare presentation of fireworks ingestion. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49(9):762–762.

Jourdan S, Bertoni M, Sergio P, Michele P, Rossi M. Suicidal poisoning with barium chloride. Forensic Science International. 2001;119(2):263–5.

Oskarsson A, L. Reeves A. Barium. In: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. 3rd ed. 2007. p. 407–14.

Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC, Braddock J. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins; 1984.

Klaassen CD. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2008.

Moffat AC, Osselton MD, Widdop B, Watts J, editors. Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons: in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and postmortem material. Fourth edition. London?; Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press; 2011. 2 p.

Rao MB. Working Procedure Manual- Toxicology. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Directorate of Forensic Sciences; 2005.

Chatwal, Anand. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. 1st ed. Delhi: Himalayan Publishing House; 1996.

Gentili PL, Clementi C, Romani A. Ultraviolet—Visible Absorption and Luminescence Properties of Quinacridone—Barium Sulfate Solid Mixtures. Appl Spectrosc. 2010;64(8):923–9.

Bove JL, Magyar M, Nathanson B, Siebenberg S, Ferrand EF. Analysis of barium sulfate by atomic absorption. Environ Sci Technol. 1971;5(4):358–9.

Haddad PR, Alexander PW, Trojanowicz M. Ion chromatography of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba ions using a metallic copper electrode as a potentiometric detector. Journal of Chromatography A. 1984;294:397–402.

Kovaleva SV, Gladyshev VP, Chikineva NV. Determination of Barium by Stripping Voltammetry. 2001;56(5):4.

Ridgway S, Wajrak M. Development of an In-Field Method for the Detection of Barium in Various Water Samples Using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemistry. 2019;2019:1–7.

Woolever CA, Dewald HD. Stripping Voltammetry of Barium Ion in the Presence of Lead. 2001;(4):4.

Woolever CA, Dewald HD. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry of barium and lead in gunshot residues. Forensic Science International. 2001;117(3):185–90.

?ukasik-G??bocka M, Sommerfeld K, Han? A, Grzegorowski A, Bara?kiewicz D, Gaca M, et al. Barium Determination in Gastric Contents, Blood and Urine by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in the Case of Oral Barium Chloride Poisoning. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2014;38(6):380–2.

Garbo? S, ?wi?cicka D. Determination of Barium in Natural Waters by ICP-OES Technique. Part II: Assessment of Human Exposure to Barium in Bottled Mineral and Spring Waters Produced in Poland. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2013;64(2):91–6.

Lech T. Application of ICP-OES to the Determination of Barium in Blood and Urine in Clinical and Forensic Analysis. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2013;37(4):222–6.

Chohra M, Beladel B, Baba Ahmed L, Mouzai M, Akretche D, Zeghdaoui A, et al. Study of gunshot residue by NAA and ESEM/EDX using several kinds of weapon and ammunition. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2015;8(3):404–10.

Leslie ACD, Smith H. The estimation of barium in biological material by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Chem. 1978;42(1):17–24.

Jauhari M, Singh T, Chatterji SM. Primer residue analysis of ammunition of Indian origin by neutron activation analysis. Forensic Science International. 1982;19(3):253–8.

Olson KR, California Poison Control System. Poisoning & drug overdose. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2004.

O’Neil TJ, Siddiqui B. Symptoms Mimicking Those of Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis Induced by Soluble Barium Poisoning. Federal Practitioner. 2017;42–4.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-30