Journal of Advanced Research in Agriculture Science and Technology

Approaches of Genome Editing in Crop Improvement

Parveen Fatima — 2024-11-20

Modern agriculture has profited from a number of methods that aid in plant genetic improvement since the development of molecular biology, with a focus on transgenics, marker-assisted selection, and genome editing .Using designed nucleases, genome editing is a potent and rapidly developing approach that allows for precise change in the genome in many different organisms. The foundation of all genome editing techniques is the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target locus, which are then repaired using either the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. These processes can result in the desired genetic alterations. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the primary genome editing technologies. These technologies can generate distinct phenotypes in a variety of sciences, including biology, biotechnology, and medicine, by precisely modifying genes. Since 2010, the introduction of TALENs has made it feasible to modify the genomes of model organisms. Then, in 2013, the discovery of the CRISP/Cas9 technology ushered in a new age of genome editing research—a biological revolution, if you will. Furthermore, genome editing will likely be used to treat hereditary illnesses in the near future. Furthermore, it is encouraging that genome editing may be used to create diverse crops and livestock with beneficial traits. These goods are not genetically modified organisms (GMOs); instead, they are referred to as altered crops.

Apomixis: Mechanism, Genetic Basis and its Significance in Horticultural Crops

Damini Singh — 2024-11-10

Apomixis, which allows seeds to form asexually without undergoing meiosis or fertilization, holds great promise for agricultural biotechnology by facilitating the generation of maternal clones that preserve favorable traits in crops. There are two primary types of apomixis: gametophytic and sporophytic, which are differentiated by whether the embryo originates from the embryo sac or directly from diploid somatic cells. In gametophytic apomixis, embryo sacs are formed via mitosis rather than meiosis (apomeiosis), followed by embryo development without fertilization (parthenogenesis). In contrast, sporophytic apomixis involves the formation of embryos from somatic cells, while still relying on the sexually derived embryo sac for endosperm development. The genetic regulation of apomixis is complex, involving several loci with restricted recombination, often linked to heterochromatic regions. Key aspects of apomixis, such as the avoidance of meiosis, parthenogenesis, and the development of endosperm without fertilization, are controlled by distinct genetic loci. Recent progress has highlighted crucial genetic areas like the Apospory-Specific Genomic Region (ASGR) in Pennisetum that are linked to apomictic processes. Synthetic apomixis, which involves the engineering of pathways for apomeiosis and independent embryo and endosperm development, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop breeding efforts.

Precision Agriculture and Data Handling Technologies: Transforming Farming Through Data-Driven Solutions

Meghana Mishra — 2024-12-05

Precision agriculture (PA) has emerged as a transformative approach in modern farming, harnessing the power of data, sensors, and technological innovations to optimize agricultural practices. By using various tools such as satellite imagery, GPS, and IoT-based sensors, farmers can make more informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and crop management. This review examines the critical aspects of precision agriculture, focusing on the technologies involved, the role of data collection and analysis, and the challenges faced in data handling. As the demand for sustainable and efficient farming practices grows, understanding these technologies and their effective implementation is paramount.

Waste Management in Agro-Products: Challenges, Strategies, and Innovations

Ananya Pandey — 2024-11-30

Agricultural production generates a significant amount of waste, which poses serious environmental, economic, and health challenges if not properly managed. Agro-product waste, including crop residues, food processing by-products, post-harvest losses, and packaging waste, has become an area of concern due to its growing volume and environmental impact. Effective waste management practices are essential for promoting sustainability in agriculture, reducing pollution, and optimizing resource use. This review explores the types of agro-product waste, the challenges involved in its management, and various strategies for waste reduction and resource recovery, such as composting, biogas production, and the development of value-added products. Innovative technologies, including smart waste management systems, enzyme-based waste breakdown, and circular economy models, are also discussed as potential solutions to mitigate the impacts of agro-product waste. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating these strategies into agricultural practices to enhance environmental sustainability, improve economic outcomes for farmers, and contribute to a circular economy.

Challenges and Sustainable Practices in Vegetable Production: Strategies for Overcoming Environmental, Economic, and Technical Barriers

Khushboo Upadhyay — 2024-11-30

Vegetable production is a critical component of global agriculture, providing essential nutrients and contributing to food security. As the world faces growing challenges related to climate change, resource scarcity, and increasing demand for food, the management and production of vegetables have become more complex. This review explores the key factors influencing vegetable production, including soil health, water management, pest and disease control, and crop breeding innovations. It highlights the role of sustainable farming practices such as agroecology, organic farming, and conservation tillage in improving environmental outcomes. Additionally, it examines technological advancements, such as precision agriculture, automated systems, and vertical farming, which are transforming the vegetable industry. While the sector faces challenges such as labor shortages and market volatility, these innovations offer promising solutions for sustainable and resilient vegetable production. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current trends in vegetable production and management, with a focus on strategies that ensure both high productivity and environmental sustainability.