Approaches of Genome Editing in Crop Improvement

Abstract

Modern agriculture has profited from a number of methods that aid in plant genetic improvement since the development of molecular biology, with a focus on transgenics, marker-assisted selection, and genome editing .Using designed nucleases, genome editing is a potent and rapidly developing approach that allows for precise change in the genome in many different organisms. The foundation of all genome editing techniques is the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target locus, which are then repaired using either the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. These processes can result in the desired genetic alterations. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the primary genome editing technologies. These technologies can generate distinct phenotypes in a variety of sciences, including biology, biotechnology, and medicine, by precisely modifying genes. Since 2010, the introduction of TALENs has made it feasible to modify the genomes of model organisms. Then, in 2013, the discovery of the CRISP/Cas9 technology ushered in a new age of genome editing research—a biological revolution, if you will. Furthermore, genome editing will likely be used to treat hereditary illnesses in the near future. Furthermore, it is encouraging that genome editing may be used to create diverse crops and livestock with beneficial traits. These goods are not genetically modified organisms (GMOs); instead, they are referred to as altered crops.